第226期:gentrification

今天我们要学的这个词有点深度,是社会学里的一个概念,也是一个社会现象。

在说gentrification之前,我们先要知道它的词根gentry是什么意思。

Gentry的意思是upper class,the most powerful members of a society. 可以翻译为“上流社会”、“上等人”。注意,这个词是贬义。这个词源自古法语genterise,意思是“of gentle birth”(出身高贵)。在英国,拥有大量地产的gentry阶层就成了后来大家熟知的gentleman. 绅士这个词就是这样来的。

由这个名词派生了它的动词形式gentrify,意思是:renovate and improve (a house or district) so that it conforms to middle-class taste.一般在社会学中译为“中产阶级化”。这也是今天我们要学的这个词gentrification的意思。

什么是中产阶级化?

Gentrification is a process of renovating deteriorated urban neighborhoods by means of the influx of more affluent residents. This is a common and controversial topic in politics and in urban planning.

看明白了吗?gentrification(中产阶级化)指的就是城市化(urbanization)过程中进行的旧城区改造,在中国的语境下,可以简单理解为”拆迁“。就是对破旧的城区和建筑进行重建或修缮,移入富裕居民。这是一个世界各国城市化共同面临的问题。不同仅在于各国政府在这个过程中采用的手段。

Gentrification这个词的发明人是英国社会学家Ruth Glass,于1964年首次创造并使用这个词指当时伦敦市区里中产阶级逐步取代低收入人群的居住模式的变化。

Glass这样描述当时的伦敦:

One by one, many of the working class neighbourhoods of London have been
invaded by the middle-classes—upper and lower. Shabby, modest mews and cottages—two rooms up and two down—have been taken over, when their leases have expired, and have become elegant, expensive residences … Once
this process of ‘gentrification’ starts in a district it goes on
rapidly, until all or most of the original working-class occupiers are
displaced and the whole social character of the district is changed.

Gentrification一直是社会学中饱受争议的一个话题。反对者认为gentrification造成了“城市新贫民“阶层和市中心贫民窟。支持着认为旧的不去新的不来。莫衷一是。在大多数文明国家和地区,由于私有财产神圣不可侵犯,城市拆迁很难进行,长期下来就造成了市中心孤岛一样的贫民窟。今天的纽约、伦敦、巴黎,甚至香港和台北都有这种现象。印度更是一个这方面的典型例子。而在有些国家,拆迁很容易,只是……(此处删去138字)

PBS网站上有篇文章对gentrification有较中立的评价:

Gentrification is a general term for the arrival of wealthier people in
an existing urban district, a related increase in rents and property
values, and changes in the district’s character and culture. The term is
often used negatively, suggesting the displacement of poor communities
by rich outsiders. But the effects of gentrification are complex and
contradictory
, and its real impact varies.

诚如上面这段话所说,gentrification是个复杂的话题。

说到gentrification,你或许还应该知道两个词ghetto(贫民窟)、slum(贫民区)。

世界上最著名的城市贫民去是秘鲁的利马,富人区和贫民区之间被一道简易隔离墙分割开,这道墙也被称为秘鲁的wall of shame(还记得前几天我们学过的这个词吗?)

还有墨西哥的一个世界奇观,左边是贫民区,一墙之隔的右边就是富人区的别墅。

(图片采自英国每日电讯报:https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/03/10/17/3E23655000000578-0-In_Mexico_ramshackle_slums_left_sit_shoulder_to_shoulder_with_th-m-186_1489165855878.jpg)