第855期:恶性循环、良性循环、马太效应和小王子

别看今天的题目很长,其实我只想讲一个词:良性循环。

很多人都知道恶性循环的英文是 vicious cycle,也叫 vicious circle,都对。Cycle和circle都是圈,形容一个走不出的困境,往复循环。

Vicious 的意思是“邪恶的、残酷的、恶毒的”。这个词其实我在想表达邪恶和恶毒的时候很少会用,我更常用 wicked, malicious.

如果你喜欢研究词源的话,vicious 和 vice是同源词,都跟邪恶有关。我每次看到vice president这种词的时候总忍不住联想那些副职都是邪恶的。

当然这是开玩笑,vice作形容词时意思就是代替的,副的,跟deputy一样。

人人都知道恶性循环怎么说,却很少有人说到良性循环的英文说法。

良性循环是:virtuous cycle,也叫virtuous circle.

Cycle和circle一样,都是圈,不同的是 virtuous这个词。

Virtuous和virtue是同源的,意思都与美德、道德、正直有关。

简单小结一下,帮你梳理一下上面的内容:

  • vicious cycle/circle

    a continuing unpleasant situation, created when one problem causes another problem that then makes the first problem worse.
    例句:
    Many people get caught/trapped in a vicious circle of dieting and weight gain.

  • virtuous cycle/circle
    chains of events that reinforce themselves through a feedback loop.
    A virtuous circle has favorable results, while a vicious circle has detrimental results.

恶性循环和良性循环在经济学、社会学、心理学等领域都有很多例子,数不胜数。

例如经济学上的poverty cycle(贫穷恶行循环理论),指的是穷人没有钱,没有接受教育的机会,没有资源,因此也就没有改变贫穷状况的机会,于是一代一代继续贫穷。佛老认为这个经济学术语可以翻译为“贫穷怪圈”。

良性循环也有很多例子,例如有钱人越来越有钱。

这两个循环理论用在经济学上又被称为“马太效应”(Matthew effect),源自圣经马太福音:

For to every one who has will more
be given, and he will have abundance; but from him who has not, even
what he has will be taken away.

Matthew 25:29, RSV.

于是,穷的更穷,富的更富,就形成了这个世界最大的现实。

今天早上开车上班路上听到BBC里说非洲又出现了伊波拉爆发,不禁感叹一声,我们这个世界,真的又进入了一个vicious circle吗?

不论什么循环,起主导作用的还是人的因素。

如果人类继续沉浸在仇恨言论(hate speech)、鄙视链(chain of contempt)、恶性竞争(cutthroat competition)、短视中,这个世界只怕真的不会好起来了。

人类啊,愚蠢的人类。

《小王子》中有个小故事:

‘I am drinking,’ answered the drunkard lugubriously.
‘Why are you drinking?’ the little prince asked.
‘In order to forget,’ replied the drunkard.
‘To forget what?’ enquired the little prince, who was already feeling sorry for him.
‘To forget that I am ashamed,’ the drunkard confessed, hanging his head.
‘Ashamed of what?’ asked the little prince who wanted to help him.
‘Ashamed of drinking!’ concluded the drunkard, withdrawing into total silence.
– “Little Pince” by Antoine de Saint-Exupery

从某种意义而言,我们都是那个醉汉。